Class 8 · Chapter 12
Tales by Dots and Lines
Graphs, line graphs, and data visualisation.
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Ganita Prakash · Class 8 Part 2 (2026-27)
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Tip: NCERT updated the syllabus for 2026-27. The links above open the latest edition on the official portal — chapter titles and numbering may differ from the notes shown here.
Detailed theory
Best for trends over time. Points joined by segments. Read intersections carefully.
Key concepts & formulas
01
**Line graph**: time-series data joined by segments.
02
**Bar graph**: categorical comparison.
03
**Pie chart**: parts of whole as sectors ( total).
04
**Frequency table** groups data with counts.
05
Choose the right chart: line for trend, bar for comparison, pie for proportion.